How LLMs work

https://www.0xkato.xyz/assets/transformer-pipeline.png
Modern LLMs use transformer blocks, tokenization, and embeddings to process text. They apply attention and feed-forward networks to generate text, using residual connections and layer normalization to stabilize the model.

The intracies of modern camera lens repair (2024)

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The user purchased a broken Sigma 45mm f/2.8 lens on eBay for a low price, but it had electrical issues and no electronic controls worked. The user successfully repaired the lens by replacing a blown fuse on the control PCB, which was likely caused by excessive current draw from the lens's motor controller.

S&P 500 rejects SpaceX, also blocking entry for OpenAI and Anthropic

https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/SpaceX-signage-640x427.jpg
SpaceX was denied accelerated entry into the S&P 500 stock market index due to its unprofitability and high debt load. The decision may be a relief to investors concerned about exposure to SpaceX's AI and speculative plans.

Pre-Modern Armies for Worldbuilders, Part I: Why They Fight

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To understand how military systems map onto societies, we need to consider factors such as whether the society is agrarian, whether it has a state, what kind of aristocracy it has, and how the peasantry and aristocracy relate to each other. The recruitment principle, which is the reason why individuals feel obligated to serve, can be based on entitlement, vocational, clientage, or employment ...

Social Cache Busting

https://cdn.autodidacts.io/img/autodidacts/author/afroman.png
When interacting with public figures or others who often give canned responses, notice if you're getting a pre-prepared answer and try to ask a new or thought-provoking question to break the cache. This can lead to more interesting and original conversations.

Astronauts told to return to ISS after sheltering over air leak repairs

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The ISS crew has a plan to split into two groups in case of an emergency, with five crew members in the SpaceX Crew Dragon and two Russian cosmonauts in the Soyuz MS-28 spacecraft. The crew is prepared to leave at a moment's notice, with spacesuits on and engines ready.

New method turns ocean water into drinking water, without waste

https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/inline-what-is-desalination-definition-ocean-water-2026-04-08_Guo_desalination_0129.jpg
Researchers at the University of Rochester developed a new solar-thermal desalination process that produces fresh water efficiently without leaving behind brine. The technology uses superwicking solar panels to extract nearly 100 percent of salts in solid form, potentially providing an abundant supply of table salt and precious minerals like lithium.

pg_durable: Microsoft open sources in-database durable execution

https://opengraph.githubassets.com/af6e641b385d8f9836ab885ee554bb5612177e28ef614c4f6b1b0785e7bebc6e/microsoft/pg_durable
pg_durable is a PostgreSQL extension that provides durable execution of SQL workflows with automatic checkpointing and resume after crashes or restarts. It allows teams to define workflows in SQL and execute them reliably without external services.

Ask HN: What was your "oh shit" moment with GenAI?

The user initially dismissed AI models like DALL-E and ChatGPT as parlor tricks but had a series of "Oh shit" moments as they realized the potential of these models to solve real problems and change their approach to development. These moments included using Claude code to generate a Zillow description, building a web tool to sort media files, and using AI to translate code and track down ...

The back cover of C++: The Language raises questions not answered by front cover

https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2019/02/ShowCover.jpg
The user discusses a book cover that raises questions about the book's content, specifically a C++ book with JavaScript code. The user also criticizes a publisher, Larson and Keller, for using the same generic blurb for multiple books.

Gemma 4 QAT models: Optimizing compression for mobile and laptop efficiency

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We released Gemma 4 QAT checkpoints to make it more efficient on edge devices and consumer GPUs, reducing memory requirements while preserving quality. The new checkpoints use Quantization-Aware Training to minimize quality loss when compressing models.

Ten Years of Franz

https://meetfranz.com/blog/ten-years-of-franz/hero.webp
The founder of Franz, a communication app, shares its 10-year history, from a weekend prototype to a decade of development, and how it has evolved to meet user needs. The latest version, Franz 6, is a culmination of this journey, offering improved features and a focus on user experience and data privacy.

Lockdown Mode

Lockdown Mode limits access to web and external services to reduce data exfiltration risk from prompt injection attacks. It's an optional security setting available for eligible personal and business accounts, disabling some features like live web browsing and image support.

Did Claude increase bugs in rsync?

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The rsync project's use of AI tool Claude led to a heated debate about reliability and maintainability, but analysis shows that the increase in bugs was due to a flood of AI-generated security issues, not Claude itself. The data suggests that the Claude releases are not significantly different from the project's historical distribution, and critics' claims of harm are based on a post-hoc ...

Mouseless – keyboard-driven control of macOS/Linux/Windows

https://mouseless.click/img/social_icons/tux.svg
Mouseless allows for quick cursor control by typing coordinates, reducing strain and pain from repetitive mouse clicks. It provides an efficient solution for effortless cursor control, suitable for those who can't use mice.

We shrank our TimescaleDB chunks from 30 days to 7

Every day, Sodatone (WMG’s A&R intelligence platform) pulls engagement signals from streaming and social platforms and turns them into time-series that our scouts and label teams use to spot emerging artists. Most of that data lives in TimescaleDB hypertables, one per platform-and-metric pair. So when one of them starts misbehaving, it tends to be a leading indicator for the rest. If you ...

Raytracing Geometries in 3D Rendering

A ray tracer renders images by casting rays from a camera through every pixel and finding where each ray hits a surface. This tool explores the core mathematical question: how do you compute that intersection? Choose a geometry — sphere, cylinder, or torus — and explore it across three lenses:

Nine Ways to Do Inheritance in Rust, a Language Without Inheritance

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Rust does not have class inheritance, but it provides various techniques to achieve similar effects, including Trait Default Methods, Supertraits, Extension Traits, Derive-Generated Implementations, Deref Method Lookup, Blanket Implementations, Macro-Generated Implementations, and Method-Level Constraints. These techniques allow developers to share interfaces and behavior across types, making ...

My Agent Skill for Test-Driven Development

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AI agents struggle to write good tests due to poor human examples and bad testing practices. Providing guidance like Kent Beck's Canon TDD or a personal TDD skill can improve test quality.

Gov.uk has replaced Stripe with Dutch provider Adyen

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The UK's GDS has replaced Stripe with Adyen as its payment processor for GOV.UK Pay, a three-year contract worth up to £25.3 million. The change will introduce new payment options and no loss in functionality for users.

The perils of UUID primary keys in SQLite

https://andersmurphy.com/assets/diffgraph_perils.png
Random UUIDs cause extra paging due to unordered nature, leading to performance issues. Using time-ordered UUIDs like UUID7 can improve performance by eliminating re-balancing.

Conventional Commits encourages focus on the wrong things

https://sumnerevans.com/profile_hu_ec6b45997520a46d.webp
The author argues that Conventional Commits is a flawed standard that prioritizes the wrong information in commit messages. It focuses on the type of change rather than the scope, which is more important for developers and end-users.

Ask HN: Why is the HN crowd so anti-AI?

Software engineers are overemphasizing code quality, while users care about product functionality. AI-assisted development can deploy products faster, allowing for quicker iteration and improvement.

The Quiet Numbers Station: Decoding Nineteen Years of GPS Cryptography

Researchers analyzed 12.16 million GPS observations from 2007 to 2026, finding the "special messages" field contains random data, but with intentional placeholders and shared text strings. The field's purpose and changes over time suggest a global cryptographic network, inviting security researchers to analyze the signals.

Tracing a powerful GNSS interference source over Europe

https://arxiv.org/static/browse/0.3.4/images/arxiv-logo-fb.png
A space-based GNSS interference source has caused widespread interference in Europe, Greenland, and Canada since 2019. The source was identified as a constellation of Russian early warning satellites in Molniya orbits.

Transformers are inherently succinct

Transformers can describe certain languages extremely succinctly, being exponentially more succinct than linear temporal logic and recurrent neural networks, and doubly exponentially more succinct than finite automata.

Europe's largest Copper Age tomb: children's bones show ancient health crisis

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India's surprise baby bust

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India's school textbooks will now warn of the risks of low birth rates, not high ones, due to global economic threats. This shift reflects a change in India's demographic concerns from overpopulation to underpopulation.

No Let, No Rec, No Problem: A Gentler Introduction to the Y and Z Combinators

We used the Y-combinator to create a factorial function without using loops, recursion, or declarations by defining a fixed point of a function that calculates the factorial. The Z-combinator, a variation of the Y-combinator, was used to delay the self-application and make the function work in JavaScript's eager evaluation strategy.

Three of our worst VC stories

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