The paper proposes a set of out-of-place optimizations that reduce write amplification across both the DBMS and SSD layers, improving throughput by 1.65-2.24× and reducing flash writes per operation by 6.2-9.8×. The proposed optimizations include compression & page packing, grouping by deathtime, ZNS support, aligning DB and SSD GC units, NoWA pattern, and using FDP placement hints to ...